763 research outputs found
Confluent Orthogonal Drawings of Syntax Diagrams
We provide a pipeline for generating syntax diagrams (also called railroad
diagrams) from context free grammars. Syntax diagrams are a graphical
representation of a context free language, which we formalize abstractly as a
set of mutually recursive nondeterministic finite automata and draw by
combining elements from the confluent drawing, layered drawing, and smooth
orthogonal drawing styles. Within our pipeline we introduce several heuristics
that modify the grammar but preserve the language, improving the aesthetics of
the final drawing.Comment: GD 201
Large scale Gd-beta-diketonate based organic liquid scintillator production for antineutrino detection
Over the course of several decades, organic liquid scintillators have formed
the basis for successful neutrino detectors. Gadolinium-loaded liquid
scintillators provide efficient background suppression for electron
antineutrino detection at nuclear reactor plants. In the Double Chooz reactor
antineutrino experiment, a newly developed beta-diketonate gadolinium-loaded
scintillator is utilized for the first time. Its large scale production and
characterization are described. A new, light yield matched metal-free companion
scintillator is presented. Both organic liquids comprise the target and "Gamma
Catcher" of the Double Chooz detectors.Comment: 16 pages, 4 figures, 5 table
Large scale Gd-beta-diketonate based organic liquid scintillator production for antineutrino detection
Over the course of several decades, organic liquid scintillators have formed
the basis for successful neutrino detectors. Gadolinium-loaded liquid
scintillators provide efficient background suppression for electron
antineutrino detection at nuclear reactor plants. In the Double Chooz reactor
antineutrino experiment, a newly developed beta-diketonate gadolinium-loaded
scintillator is utilized for the first time. Its large scale production and
characterization are described. A new, light yield matched metal-free companion
scintillator is presented. Both organic liquids comprise the target and "Gamma
Catcher" of the Double Chooz detectors.Comment: 16 pages, 4 figures, 5 table
Large scale Gd-beta-diketonate based organic liquid scintillator production for antineutrino detection
Over the course of several decades, organic liquid scintillators have formed
the basis for successful neutrino detectors. Gadolinium-loaded liquid
scintillators provide efficient background suppression for electron
antineutrino detection at nuclear reactor plants. In the Double Chooz reactor
antineutrino experiment, a newly developed beta-diketonate gadolinium-loaded
scintillator is utilized for the first time. Its large scale production and
characterization are described. A new, light yield matched metal-free companion
scintillator is presented. Both organic liquids comprise the target and "Gamma
Catcher" of the Double Chooz detectors.Comment: 16 pages, 4 figures, 5 table
Translating Evidence-Based Guidelines into Practice—Are We Getting It Right? A Multi-Centre Prospective International Audit of Nutrition Care in Patients with Foregut Tumors (INFORM)
Malnutrition is highly prevalent in patients with foregut tumors comprising head and neck (HNC) and esophageal (EC) cancers, negatively impacting outcomes. International evidence-based guidelines (EBGs) for nutrition care exist; however, translation of research evidence into practice commonly presents considerable challenges and consequently lags. This study aimed to describe and evaluate current international nutrition care practices compared with the best-available evidence for patients with foregut tumors who are at high risk of malnutrition. A multi-centre prospective cohort study enrolled 170 patients commencing treatment of curative intent for HNC (n = 119) or EC (n = 51) in 11 cancer care settings in North America, Europe and Australia between 2016 and 2018. Adherence criteria were derived from relevant EBG recommendations with pooled results for participating centres reported according to the Nutrition Care Model at either system or patient levels. Adherence to EBG recommendations was: good (≥80%) for performing baseline nutrition screening and assessment, perioperative nutrition assessment and nutrition prescription for energy and protein targets; moderate (≥60 to 80%) for utilizing validated screening and assessment tools and pre-radiotherapy dietitian consultation; and poor (60%) for initiating post-operative nutrition support within 24 h and also dietetic consultation weekly during radiotherapy and fortnightly for 6 weeks post-radiotherapy. In conclusion, gaps in evidence-based cancer nutrition care remain; however, this may be improved by filling known evidence gaps through high-quality research with a concurrent evolution of EBGs to also encompass practical implementation guidance. These should aim to support multidisciplinary cancer clinicians to close evidence–practice gaps throughout the patient care trajectory with clearly defined roles and responsibilities that also address patient-reported concerns
Repräsentative Analyse der Lebenslagen einkommensstarker Haushalte
Die Studie von 2002 liefert eine Expertise für die Armuts- und Reichtumsberichterstattung der Bundesregierung auf Basis einer repräsentativen Erhebung einkommensstarker Haushalte. Die Datenbasis zur Analyse der Lebenslage, der Einkommen und der Vermögensbildung von Haushalten im oberen Einkommensbereich umfasst eine Zufallstichprobe von 1.224 Haushalten mit 2.671 Befragungspersonen, die über ein Haushaltsnettoeinkommen von 3.835 EUR und mehr verfügen, bzw. 505 Haushalte mit 1.130 Personen mit einem Haushaltsnettoeinkommen von 5.113 EUR und mehr. Die telefonische Befragung der einkommensstarken Haushalte wurde im Rahmen der SOEP-Befragung des Jahres 2002 durchgeführt. Die empirischen Ergebnisse zu den Lebenslagen gliedern sich in folgende Aspekte: (1) Struktur und Lebenslage von Hocheinkommensbeziehern, (2) subjektive Indikatoren, (3) Hocheinkommen und Gesundheit, (4) die individuelle Vermögensbilanz von Hocheinkommensbeziehern, (5) Spezifika einkommensstarker Haushalte, (6) Verteilung des Vermögens auf die Gruppen nach Hausnettoeinkommen sowie (7) Hocheinkommensbezieherhaushalte in der äquivalenzgewichteten Perspektive. (ICG2
Revealing the chemical characteristics of Arctic low-level cloud residuals – in situ observations from a mountain site
The role aerosol chemical composition plays in Arctic
low-level cloud formation is still poorly understood. In this study we
address this issue by combining in situ observations of the chemical
characteristics of cloud residuals (dried liquid cloud droplets or ice
crystals) and aerosol particles from the Zeppelin Observatory in
Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard (approx. 480 m a.s.l.). These measurements were
part of the 1-year-long Ny-Ã…lesund Aerosol and Cloud Experiment
2019–2020 (NASCENT). To obtain the chemical composition of cloud residuals
at molecular level, we deployed a Filter Inlet for Gases and AEROsols
coupled to a Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometer (FIGAERO-CIMS) with
iodide as the reagent ion behind a ground-based counterflow virtual impactor
(GCVI). The station was enshrouded in clouds roughly 15 % of the time
during NASCENT, out of which we analyzed 14 cloud events between December
2019 and December 2020. During the entire year, the composition of the cloud
residuals shows contributions from oxygenated organic compounds, including
organonitrates, and traces of the biomass burning tracer levoglucosan. In
summer, methanesulfonic acid (MSA), an oxidation product of dimethyl sulfide
(DMS), shows large contributions to the sampled mass, indicating marine
natural sources of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and ice nucleating
particle (INP) mass during the sunlit part of the year. In addition, we
also find contributions of the inorganic acids nitric acid and sulfuric acid,
with outstanding high absolute signals of sulfuric acid in one cloud
residual sample in spring and one in late summer (21 May and 12 September 2020), probably caused by high anthropogenic sulfur emissions near the
Barents Sea and Kara Sea. During one particular cloud event, on 18 May 2020,
the air mass origin did not change before, during, or after the
cloud. We therefore chose it as a case study to investigate cloud impact on
aerosol physicochemical properties. We show that the overall chemical
composition of the organic aerosol particles was similar before, during, and
after the cloud, indicating that the particles had already undergone one or
several cycles of cloud processing before being measured as residuals at the
Zeppelin Observatory and/or that, on the timescales of the observed cloud event, cloud
processing of the organic fraction can be neglected. Meanwhile, there were on
average fewer particles but relatively more in the accumulation mode after
the cloud. Comparing the signals of sulfur-containing compounds of cloud
residuals with aerosols during cloud-free conditions, we find that sulfuric
acid had a higher relative contribution to the cloud residuals than to
aerosols during cloud-free conditions, but we did not observe an increase in
particulate MSA due to the cloud. Overall, the chemical composition,
especially of the organic fraction of the Arctic cloud residuals, reflected
the overall composition of the general aerosol population well. Our results
thus suggest that most aerosols can serve as seeds for low-level clouds in
the Arctic.</p
Arctic observations of hydroperoxymethyl thioformate (HPMTF) – seasonal behavior and relationship to other oxidation products of dimethyl sulfide at the Zeppelin Observatory, Svalbard
Dimethyl sulfide (DMS), a gas produced by phytoplankton, is the largest
source of atmospheric sulfur over marine areas. DMS undergoes oxidation in
the atmosphere to form a range of oxidation products, out of which sulfuric
acid (SA) is well known for participating in the formation and growth of
atmospheric aerosol particles, and the same is also presumed for
methanesulfonic acid (MSA). Recently, a new oxidation product of DMS,
hydroperoxymethyl thioformate (HPMTF), was discovered and later also measured
in the atmosphere. Little is still known about the fate of this compound and
its potential to partition into the particle phase. In this study, we present
a full year (2020) of concurrent gas- and particle-phase observations of
HPMTF, MSA, SA and other DMS oxidation products at the Zeppelin Observatory
(Ny-Ã…lesund, Svalbard) located in the Arctic. This is the first time
HPMTF has been measured in Svalbard and attempted to be observed in
atmospheric particles. The results show that gas-phase HPMTF concentrations
largely follow the same pattern as MSA during the sunlit months
(April–September), indicating production of HPMTF around Svalbard. However,
HPMTF was not observed in significant amounts in the particle phase, despite
high gas-phase levels. Particulate MSA and SA were observed during the
sunlit months, although the highest median levels of particulate SA were
measured in February, coinciding with the highest gaseous SA levels with
assumed anthropogenic origin. We further show that gas- and particle-phase
MSA and SA are coupled in May–July, whereas HPMTF lies outside of this
correlation due to the low particulate concentrations. These results provide
more information about the relationship between HPMTF and other DMS
oxidation products, in a part of the world where these have not been explored
yet, and about HPMTF's ability to contribute to particle growth and cloud
formation.</p
The Distributional Impact of Statewide Property Tax Relief: the Michigan Case
This study uses data from a random survey of 2001 Michigan households to analyze the extent to which the Michigan ctreuit-breaker has been successful in reducing the income regressivity of the property tax and in changing relative property tax burdens. Because of its relatively extensive coverage, including renters as well as homeowners and the nonaged as well as the aged, the circuit-breaker has yielded a more equal distribution of income within Michigan. Its potential to change the distribution of income depends on the particular formula utilized, but redistributional effects have thus far been lamited because program participation has been positively correlated with income. To the extent that reductions in the price ofpublic services created by the circuit-breaker are perceived by households, the biggest stimulus appears to be in high property tax/high-income countiesPeer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/68848/2/10.1177_109114218301100201.pd
LiFtEr: Language to Encode Induction Heuristics for Isabelle/HOL
Proof assistants, such as Isabelle/HOL, offer tools to facilitate inductive
theorem proving. Isabelle experts know how to use these tools effectively;
however, there is a little tool support for transferring this expert knowledge
to a wider user audience. To address this problem, we present our
domain-specific language, LiFtEr. LiFtEr allows experienced Isabelle users to
encode their induction heuristics in a style independent of any problem domain.
LiFtEr's interpreter mechanically checks if a given application of induction
tool matches the heuristics, thus automating the knowledge transfer loop.Comment: This is the pre-print of our paper of the same title accepted at
APLAS2019 (https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34175-6_14). We updated the
draft after fixing the errata found by Kenji Miyamot
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